The survey found that in some places, rural domestic sewage treatment is facing practical difficulties such as weak work foundation and weak maintenance and management. Although some administrative villages have built sewage treatment equipment and facilities, due to the inadequate operation and management mechanism of the facilities, there are problems such as untimely dosing and no activated sludge in the aeration tank. In addition, due to the improper selection of treatment process mode, the pipe network is not matched, the collection rate is low, and the lack of professional technical support and stable operating fund guarantee make the facilities unusable or idle for a long time after completion, making it difficult to give full play to environmental benefits.
   Compared with urban domestic sewage treatment, the composition of rural domestic sewage is simpler, and the treatment technology requirements are relatively low. However, due to the large differences in population agglomeration, natural environment and economic and social development level in different places, the collection rate and treatment rate of domestic sewage in some rural areas are generally low, and there are a large number of black and odorous water bodies, which has become a difficult problem restricting the improvement of rural living environment.
   As of last year, our country's rural domestic sewage treatment rate was only about 28%, and by 2025, our country will increase the treatment rate to 40%.
According to the data previously released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, it can be seen. In 2016, our country's rural sewage treatment rate was 22%, and after five years, our country's rural domestic sewage treatment rate increased by 6%. In other words, from now on, in more than three years, our country's rural sewage will be raised by 12%, which is a task that may have taken 10 years to complete in the past, but now it is only given less than 4 years.
There are problems in rural domestic sewage treatment
    Compared with towns, rural domestic sewage projects have a shorter time, complex and changeable construction conditions, and large seasonal fluctuations in water volume. Therefore, many new problems have emerged in the process of project construction and operation, including lagging land approval, large design scale and inefficient operation and management.
     Land approval is lagging behind, sewage stations are scattered in various villages, the number is large, and the nature of the land at the station site is mostly collectively owned land, so it is common for projects to not be approved in time after site selection, which leads to difficulties in the completion and acceptance of many projects. The main responsible persons at the city and county levels should actively coordinate with relevant departments to handle planning and land procedures in a timely manner.
The design scale is large, due to the lack of practical experience of the project and the few technical parameters that can be referenced, the design unit generally designs according to the process and technical route of urban sewage treatment, resulting in a large design scale, low operating efficiency, and idle phenomenon of some facilities and equipment. This requires scientific research and engineering technicians to summarize design and operation experience in a timely manner, and continuously enrich the design manual to ensure the accuracy of the design.
      Before 2015, all rural domestic sewage projects were invested by the government, and the construction and operation efficiency was low. In the later stage, through the use of franchise model or PPP model and timely performance appraisal, the construction efficiency and operational efficiency have been effectively improved through market means. The sewage station can achieve high-load operation and achieve standard discharge.
Under pressure, how to reach the minimum standard of 40%?
      On the issue of rural domestic sewage treatment, the environmental protection industry has some common understanding, that is, the return cycle of rural sewage treatment is long, the treatment is scattered and not concentrated, and the level of development is low. A few days ago, the director of the Department of Soil Ecology and Environment of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment also said that "the foundation of rural domestic sewage treatment is weak, and the task is still arduous".
     In fact, the development and governance capabilities of various places are different, and some provinces will need to complete a larger amount of tasks when 2025 arrives, and the standard line of governance rate may be much higher than 40%.
     For example, Fujian proposed a rural domestic sewage treatment rate of 65% in the "Five-Year Action Plan for Rural Domestic Sewage Improvement and Treatment (2021-2025)", Shandong's "14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological and Environmental Protection" put forward the goal of 55% rural domestic sewage treatment rate, and Guangdong's "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Action in Our Province" also clarified that the rural domestic sewage treatment rate in the province should reach more than 60% by 2025......
     From the analysis point of view, the treatment of rural domestic sewage should pay attention to classified treatment and multi-party cooperation to jointly promote the completion of tasks on time and efficiently.
     First, the rural non-point source land is vast and the residence is relatively scattered, and the problem faced by sewage treatment is that the actual situation in various places is inconsistent, and targeted treatment plans are needed. Therefore, classification, partitioning, and step-by-step are important. Industry experts have said that unified collection and centralized treatment is the most economical and effective way to treat domestic sewage, and if the region meets the conditions for centralized sewage treatment, unified management and centralized treatment of domestic sewage can be implemented; In areas with dispersed populations, we should do a good job in the classified collection, quality treatment, and resource utilization of domestic sewage.
     Second, rural domestic sewage pays attention to multi-party cooperation, that is, the joint efforts of villagers, enterprises and the government. The villagers discovered and reacted, the rectification and governance of enterprises, government policies and financial support contributed to a relatively complete domestic sewage treatment chain. "We must give full play to the role of the government, the market and the villagers," said the director of the Department of Soil Environment of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
     Implementation suggestions for rural domestic sewage treatment
First of all, the collection and treatment rate of rural domestic sewage should be improved. It is necessary to fully consider factors such as village development planning, urban pipe network distance, population size and agglomeration degree, economic conditions, topography and landforms, and adopt treatment methods such as incorporating into urban sewage pipe networks and building centralized or decentralized treatment facilities as appropriate. Unified collection and centralized treatment is one of the most economical and effective ways to treat domestic sewage. For rural areas with relatively concentrated populations and conditions for centralized sewage treatment, urban sewage treatment facilities and services can be actively promoted to be extended to rural areas, and domestic sewage at the junction of urban and rural areas can be included in urban sewage treatment plants. Priority should be given to single-household or joint household decentralized sewage treatment methods that are compatible with the financial affordability of the grassroots and the acceptance of villagers, have low operating costs, good treatment effects, and are easy to manage and protect, broaden the domestic sewage collection surface and extend the treatment chain.
      Secondly, adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and adapting measures to local conditions, and coordinate the promotion of black and odorous water treatment, toilet revolution and domestic sewage treatment. Learn from the experience and practice of implementing integrated comprehensive treatment in advanced areas, and reasonably determine the layout, scale and technical route of domestic sewage treatment facility construction. Encourage the promotion of ecological treatment technology that adopts a variety of combined modes such as three-compartment septic tanks, micro-power, and constructed wetlands to realize the in-depth treatment and purification of sewage, black and odorous water bodies, and manure, and use the "domestic fertilizer water" that meets the requirements of resource utilization for farmland irrigation, fishery breeding, village greening, etc., so as to realize the harmlessness and resource utilization of domestic sewage treatment.
      Third, improve the long-term management and operation system of sewage treatment facilities. Rural sewage treatment, three parts of construction and seven divisions of management, should tighten and consolidate the responsibilities of local governments, responsible departments, and operation and management units. Timely introduce technical guidelines and discharge standards for rural sewage treatment with local characteristics, and build a rural sewage treatment system with scientific standards, standardized operation and effective supervision. Explore and improve the fund raising and sharing mechanism of "government support, social participation, and user payment", encourage market-oriented operation, take townships as units, bundle rural sewage treatment facilities, and entrust third-party specialized units to operate, maintain, and manage, so as to effectively realize the full use and stable operation of sewage treatment facilities.
At last
      Under the analysis, it can be said that there is still a lot of room for improvement in rural domestic sewage treatment in our country, and the proportion of optimistic factors is larger. The confidence in achieving the 2025 target has been fulfilled again, and the rural domestic sewage treatment rate has reached 40%. It's not difficult!