1. Sewage treatment accidents are frequent, and safe production is the top priority!
In the production process of sewage treatment plants, there will be some unsafe and unhygienic factors, such as not taking protective measures in time, it is bound to endanger the safety and health of workers, produce work-related accidents or occupational diseases, and hinder the normal operation of production. The biogas in the digestion area is a flammable and explosive gas, and if fire and explosion prevention measures are not taken, it may cause explosion; Sewage tanks, wells are easy to produce and accumulate toxic H2S gas, if special measures are not taken, the pond and well may be poisoned or even death; Sewage contains various germs and parasite eggs, and sewage treatment workers may cause diseases and parasitic diseases if they do not pay attention to hygiene after contact with sewage. Therefore, ensuring safe production and improving working conditions are prerequisites for the normal operation of sewage treatment plants.
In the sewage treatment plant, special attention should be paid to the operating conditions of the transformer and distribution equipment, the explosion-proof and fireproof conditions of the digestion area, the noise prevention measures of the blower room, the anti-human fall measures of the sewage sludge tank, the anti-virus measures of the downhole tank, and the sanitary conditions of the grate garbage and the sediment area of the settling tank. In order to do a good job in labor protection, necessary collective and individual labor protection equipment should be distributed, and the main types of protective equipment are poison release products, insulation products, and sanitary products, and the specific supplies need to be determined according to the actual needs of each locality.
In the safety production and labor protection work of sewage treatment plants, we must implement the guidelines of labor protection work in our country and firmly establish the idea of "safety first, prevention first". Correctly handle the dialectical relationship of "production must be safe, and safety promotes production". It is required to eliminate risk factors and occupational hazards in the production process of sewage treatment plants in the bud, effectively ensure the safety and health of workers, and ensure the normal operation of sewage treatment plants.
2. The system is the foundation and premise of safe production
In the safety work of sewage treatment plants, our country's labor protection laws and regulations must be implemented. The main labor protection laws and regulations in our country include the "Three Regulations" and several provisions of the State Council on strengthening safety work in enterprise production. The three major regulations refer to: "Factory Safety and Health Regulations", "Safety Technical Regulations for Construction and Installation Projects" and "Reporting Regulations for Worker and Employee Casualty Accidents". In addition, it is necessary to implement the regulations and systems on production safety and labor protection formulated by local governments and higher-level departments. These laws and systems are the basis and guidelines for sewage treatment plants to carry out labor protection work safety.
A well-managed sewage treatment plant should establish a series of systems in terms of safety production, which mainly include: safety production responsibility system, safety production education system, safety production inspection system, casualty accident reporting and handling system, fire and explosion prevention system, various safety operation procedures, and some sewage plants also formulate "safety production reward and punishment regulations".
(1) The "safety production responsibility system" is based on the principle of "production must be safe", and clearly stipulates the safety responsibilities of leaders at all levels and all types of personnel in production activities of sewage plants in the form of a system. It is an important part of the post responsibility system of the sewage plant and the most basic safety system of the sewage plant. It stipulates the scope of safety production responsibilities of leaders at all levels, functional departments, safety management departments and employees of sewage plants, so that they can take their own responsibilities and plan, arrange, inspect, summarize and evaluate safety work (i.e., "five simultaneous"), so as to ensure safe production while completing production tasks.
(2) The "safety production education system" stipulates that new workers must undergo three levels of safety education (factory education, workshop education and job education), and are allowed to operate independently after passing the examination. Workers in special projects such as electrical appliances, cranes, and vehicle driving must undergo safety technical training, pass the examination, and obtain a "special type of operation certificate" before they can operate independently. The sewage plant must establish a safety activity system, and the corresponding safety education must be given to the workers for the transfer of work or the renewal of equipment.
(3) The "safety production inspection system" stipulates that workers must inspect the machinery and equipment and tools they operate before going to work; The production team must regularly conduct safety inspections on the machinery and equipment under its management; The factory department shall organize regular safety production inspections by the leaders, and rectify the problems found one by one, and organize safety production inspections before the prescribed holidays.
(4) The "Casualty Accident Reporting and Handling System" stipulates that the "Regulations for Reporting Casualty Accidents of Workers and Employees" issued by the State Council must be conscientiously implemented, and the "three do not let go principle" must be strictly implemented in the event of personal injury and death accidents and major accidents (if the cause of the accident is not clearly analyzed; those responsible for the accident and the masses are not educated and do not let go; Preventive measures will not be implemented or let go). After a major personal injury or death accident, it is necessary to immediately rescue and protect the scene, report step by step according to the specified time limit, and put forward handling opinions on the person responsible for the accident according to the severity of responsibility, the size of the loss, and the understanding attitude. For major accident seedlings, on-site analysis meetings should be held in a timely manner, and for employees injured at work and the families of the deceased, they should be cordially cared for and dealt with aftermath.
In order to implement various safety production systems, sewage treatment plants should formulate safety production management reward and punishment regulations. Cadres and workers who violate the national labor protection and safety production regulations, the safety production system, the safety operation procedures, and the safety production responsibility system shall be fined; Rewards will be given to those who have made significant achievements in safety production, eliminated hidden dangers, abide by rules and regulations, and improved safety facilities.
3. Common safety hazards in sewage plants
(1) Poison gas damage
Toxic and harmful gases can be present in various pools and underground areas of urban sewers and sewage treatment plants. Although these toxic and harmful gases have a wide variety and complex composition, they can be divided into two categories: toxic gases (asphyxiating gases) and flammable and explosive gases according to different hazard methods. Toxic gases are gases that directly cause harm inside the human body through the human respiratory organs. Flammable and explosive gases are harmed by various external causes, such as contact with unextinguished matchsticks, cigarette butts, tinder, oil lamps, etc., such as methane (biogas), liquefied petroleum gas, coal gas, etc.
The most harmful gases in sewers and sewage tanks are hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide, especially hydrogen sulfide, which are present in urban sewage systems. The first main source of hydrogen sulfide is the sulfide carried by the wastewater of various factories or workshops such as petroleum, chemical, leather, fur, textile, printing and dyeing, mining, metallurgy, etc. in the city, and after entering the sewer, it reacts with acidic wastewater and produces toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. The second source of hydrogen sulfide is municipal domestic sewage, sludge, etc., which is produced by anaerobic decomposition due to long-term lack of oxygen in sewers or sludge tanks.
Given the potential for hydrogen sulfide in sewers, catchment wells and pumping stations, and in view of a series of painful lessons from history, wastewater treatment plants must take the following safety measures to prevent hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
(1) Master the nature of sludge and find out the source of sulfide pollution Each pumping station and sewage plant should analyze the sulfide concentration in the influent water. Each liter of domestic sewage generally contains only a few tenths to ten milligrams of sulfide (depending on the degree of spoilage). The sulfide concentration required for industrial sewage discharge into the sewer is less than 1mg/L, but many factories cannot do it at present, and the indiscriminate discharge of industrial sulfide and acid wastewater is the main cause of excessive hydrogen sulfide in sewers, pumping stations and sewage plants. If there is a serious threat to the life and safety of workers, it should be reported to the relevant leading department at a higher level in a timely manner and effective measures should be taken.
(2) When regularly checking the hydrogen sulfide concentration of the working environment, pumping station water collection well, open outlet well, and treatment structure in the lower pond and lower well, the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the pool and well must be continuously monitored.
(3) The use of ventilation blower is an effective measure to prevent H2S poisoning, ventilation can blow away H2S, reduce its concentration, the lower pool, the lower well must be ventilated with a ventilator, and must pay attention to the situation that due to the large hydrogen sulfide ratio, it is not easy to be blown out. The ventilation in the pumping station should be installed on the bottom floor of the pumping station to extract the poisonous gas.
(4) Equipped with necessary anti-H2S appliances, gas masks can prevent H2S poisoning, but targeted filter tanks must be selected.
(5) Establish an operation system for lowering ponds and wells, entering the bottom of the sewage collection tank to clean up garbage, which is a dangerous operation, and should be filled in advance with the operation ticket for lowering the pond and well, which can only be carried out after being countersigned by the safety technician and approved by the grassroots leaders. The establishment of this management system can effectively control the number of downponds and wells, avoid blind operation, and supervise employees to pay attention to safe operation and avoid accidents.
(6) Safety education must be carried out for employees to prevent H2S poisoning, and since hydrogen sulfide exists in sewers, pumping stations and treatment plants, employees must understand the nature, characteristics, poisoning care and preventive measures of hydrogen sulfide. It is even more essential to educate employees with the lessons of the blood of the H2S poisoning accident.
(2) Electric shock injury
Sewage treatment plants often have to operate mechanical equipment, and almost all of these machines are driven by electricity, so electricity safety knowledge is a must-master for sewage treatment plant employees.
Conduct frequent safety inspections of electrical equipment. The inspection includes: whether the insulation of electrical equipment is damaged; whether the insulation resistance is qualified; whether the exposed live part of the equipment is protected; whether the protection of the neutral wire or grounding is correct and reliable; whether the protection device meets the requirements; whether the portable light and local lighting voltage are safe; whether safety appliances and electrical fire extinguishers are complete; whether the electrical connection is intact, etc.
For sewage treatment plant employees, the following safe electricity requirements must be observed: (1) not electricians cannot disassemble and assemble electrical equipment; (2) Damaged electrical equipment should be repaired by an electrician in time; (3) The metal shell of electrical equipment should have an effective grounding wire; (4) Mobile electrical appliances should use three-eye (four-eye) sockets, three-core (four-core) tough rubber wires or plastic sheathed wires, and outdoor mobile gate knife switches and sockets should be installed in the safety electrical box; (5) The portable running light must use a voltage below 36V, especially in wet places should not exceed 12V; (6) All kinds of temporary lines must be dismantled within a time limit and cannot be connected without permission; (7) Mainly use electrical equipment within the rated capacity; (8) Electrical equipment should have appropriate protective devices or warning signs; (9) Comply with the safe electricity operation procedures, use necessary insulation tools during operation, and abide by the work ticket system for maintenance and overhaul of electrical appliances; (10) Carry out safety activities regularly and learn the knowledge of safe electricity use. If someone is found to be electrocuted due to insufficient prevention, the first thing is to disconnect the electrocuted person from the power source as soon as possible. When the electrocuted person is disconnected from the power supply, he should quickly treat the symptoms according to the specific situation and call for help from the medical department.
In addition to the knowledge of safe electricity use and first aid for electric shock, employees of sewage treatment plants should also know the knowledge of electrical fire extinguishing.
(3) Drowning and falling from a high altitude
Employees of sewage treatment plants often work on the sewage tank, and drowning accident prevention is extremely important, so it is required to: (1) The sewage tank must have a railing, and the height of the railing is 1.2m; (2) The management of the sewage tank is not allowed to work over the fence casually, and the work must be supervised by a life jacket and supervised; (3) When working on a cesspool without railings, you must wear a life jacket; (4) A number of lifebuoys must be set up in the sewage tank area in case of unforeseen needs; (5) The walkway on the pond should not be too smooth or uneven; (6) If the iron grille, pool cover and manhole cover are corroded and damaged, they need to be replaced in time.
In addition, sewage treatment workers should also know how to rescue drowning.
Employees of sewage treatment plants sometimes need to climb to work. Climbing operations should keep in mind: the "three treasures" (safety helmet, safety belt, safety net) of climbing operations, and abide by a series of regulations of climbing operations.
4. Fully implement safety supervision
The supervision and management of safety production is a complex system project, which should be implemented and supervised in multiple ways, at multiple levels, in all personnel, in all directions and in the whole process. So how to strengthen the supervision and management of safety production is the top priority of sewage treatment plant safety production management.
1. Strengthen safety production publicity, education, learning and training
Employees' safety awareness, professional quality, enterprise safety concept, safety culture play a leading role in the safety production of enterprises, to do a good job in safety production publicity and education and learning and training from three aspects: education and training:
(1) Content: mainly safety production laws and regulations, various management systems and related safety knowledge, etc., which are exchanged for countless lives and blood, with huge property losses, which can be said to be a thousand gold, but also can be said to be every word blood, and tears, which must be known and complied with by all employees. The content of the training is mainly the management system, safety knowledge, operating procedures and operational skills (including the coordination of collaborative operations), the performance and precautions of the equipment used, the consciousness of complying with rules and regulations and operating procedures, and the correction of habitual illegal operations.
(2) Form: It should be humanized and diversified, so that people are willing to accept and easily accept, and strive to achieve good results. Such as warning slogans, safety manuals, safety messages from relatives, on-site meetings, photo exhibitions, prize knowledge quizzes, literary and artistic activities, etc.
(3) Objects: managers, front-line employees, special operators, etc., the learning and training of management is more important, but it is easy to be ignored, forming a weak link; Special operators must hold a certificate.
2. Establish and improve the safety production supervision system
In order to ensure comprehensive coverage of safety production supervision and management, throughout the whole production process, no dead ends or loopholes.
First, it is necessary to improve the organizational structure and build a regulatory network. Enterprises should set up a safety production leading group with the general responsibility of the leader and the participation of relevant senior managers, responsible for leading and deploying the safety production work of the enterprise, and establish a vertical supervision network of the person in charge of the sewage plant, the leader in charge, the head of the department, the team leader and the team members, and grasp the implementation at all levels and cover it comprehensively.
The second is to establish, improve and implement various management systems. Enterprises should establish a series of rules and regulations according to the actual situation and needs, and continuously summarize and improve them in practice. It mainly includes the safety production regular meeting system, safety inspection system, safety education and training system, safety production management responsibility system, safety duty system, labor employment system, machinery and equipment maintenance and overhaul system, reward and punishment system, etc. The implementation of the system should pay attention to perseverance, seriousness and seriousness, and not talk about favors and relationships.
The third is to implement scientific on-site management. Production is a complex and dynamic process, so it is necessary to strengthen on-site management. On-site management can be divided into object management, environmental management, and coordinated management of special situations and key links.
In object management, raw materials, waste, finished products and semi-finished products should be neatly and beautifully placed, and handled in an orderly manner to ensure smooth passages and avoid injuring employees.
Environmental management requires the workplace to be ventilated and bright, control noise as much as possible, strengthen power supply and fire source control, maintain an appropriate indoor temperature, strictly prohibit the interference of posts and idle personnel, etc., and avoid harsh environments for outdoor operations.
The coordination and management of special situations and key links is mainly to stop conflicts and quarrels between employees in a timely manner, actively resolve the ideological and spiritual burden of employees, properly handle employees' sudden illnesses and equipment failures on site, and organize and schedule complex handling and assembly.
3. Improve safety facilities
Safety facilities are the material basis for ensuring safe production and an important measure to improve production efficiency, so it is necessary to increase safety investment and create a safe and good production environment.
Reasonably set up and place fire-fighting facilities and equipment to ensure the quantity and integrity. It is necessary to equip labor protection supplies and supervise the use of employees in accordance with regulations, and purchase casualty insurance. ensure the safety of the factory and improve the functions of the factory and warehouse as much as possible; Improve the management facilities and equipment for flammable, explosive, hazardous chemicals and other important items, and improve the equipment and facilities for anti-freezing, heatstroke prevention and cooling and pollution prevention. Equip and equip auxiliary work tools. At the same time, advanced technology and advanced equipment should be used, which can not only reduce production costs, improve production efficiency, improve product quality, but also eliminate potential safety hazards, improve safety factors, and create safety through science and technology.
5. Establish a correct concept of safety production
The concept of safety production is the view and understanding of safety production. Only by firmly establishing the correct concept of safety production can we eliminate misunderstandings in ideological understanding and take positive preventive measures. Here are five points of view for a brief explanation.
1. "All accidents can be prevented": the occurrence of all accidents is caused by objective safety hazards, which is the inevitability of accidents, although the specific time, object and place of occurrence are accidental, but as long as we recognize the hidden dangers and rectify them in time, the occurrence of accidents can be avoided; Some hidden dangers are difficult to eliminate for a while, as long as human behavior is controlled, accidents can also be avoided.
2. "Details determine safety": There is no trivial matter in safety production, and the occurrence of safety accidents is often ignoring some details, and some small things are not in place.
3. "Supervision and management must be 100%": This is the concept of judging the quality of safety production supervision. Safety production supervision and management requires 100%, no omissions, no luck, because accidents often patronize omissions, so that your efforts and efforts are in vain.
4. "Safety first, prevention first": This is the policy of safe production. "Safety first" is to put safety first. When economic interests and security conflict, interests should give way to safety, which is also the criterion for us to be a person and work. "Prevention first" shows that although it is necessary to make up for the dead and hold accountable, it is the best policy after all.
5. "Know + do = safety": To achieve safety, we must first be familiar with and master safety production laws and regulations, various management systems, operating procedures and related safety knowledge, and must also strictly abide by, conscientiously implement, standardize operation, and effectively do it.
Although none of us are willing to have safety production accidents, safety accidents are always not transferred by human will, and they occur suddenly without our inadvertence, so we must learn to deal with safety production accidents scientifically.
The emergency plan is to formulate a plan to deal with emergencies in advance, and whether to deal with emergencies in a hurry and at a loss, or to respond in an orderly and calm manner depends on whether there is an emergency plan. The preparation of emergency plans should be combined with the actual situation of the local unit, pay attention to the scientificity, standardization and operability of the plan, and meet certain requirements and levels. Capable units can be prepared by themselves, and units without ability can be entrusted to professional institutions.
After the plan is prepared, the appropriate timing should be selected for drills according to the actual production of the enterprise. Problems are discovered through drills, the plan is improved, and the implementation ability of the plan is improved through drills.
After a safety accident, it is necessary to quickly start an emergency plan, carry out rescue at the first time, and adhere to the principle of people-oriented, save people first and then save things. Timely reporting is conducive to the competent leaders, competent units and competent departments to understand the situation, intervene in a timely manner, and help deal with it; It is conducive to the competent departments to sum up experience and lessons learned, and guide the work, especially for major safety production accidents, the government and social rescue forces can intervene as soon as possible to reduce the losses caused by the accident.
After the accident occurs, it is necessary to carefully analyze the causes, sum up experience and lessons, draw inferences from one case to another, effectively strengthen rectification, further improve safety facilities, strengthen safety measures, further improve and implement the safety production management system, and avoid accidents, especially similar accidents, from happening again. Other enterprises and units should also take this as a warning and carry out comparative inspection and rectification, if they turn a deaf ear and react slowly, they may repeat the mistakes of the past and repeat the tragedy.
